Refrigerator Mother

Early Infantile Autism and the Refrigerator Mother Theory (1943-1970)

In 1943, child psychiatrist Leo Kanner in the US gave the first account of Early Infantile Autism that encouraged psychiatrists to investigate what they called emotionally cold mothers, or refrigerator mothers. In 1949, Kanner published "Problems of Nosology and Psychodynamics of Early Infantile Autism." In that article, Kanner described autistic children as reared in emotional refrigerators. U...

Brownian refrigerator.

Onsager symmetry implies that a Brownian motor, driven by a temperature gradient, will also perform a refrigerator function upon loading. We analytically calculate the corresponding heat flow for an exactly solvable microscopic model and compare it with molecular dynamics simulations.

Quantum-circuit refrigerator

Quantum technology promises revolutionizing applications in information processing, communications, sensing and modelling. However, efficient on-demand cooling of the functional quantum degrees of freedom remains challenging in many solid-state implementations, such as superconducting circuits. Here we demonstrate direct cooling of a superconducting resonator mode using voltage-controllable ele...

Superconducting cascade electron refrigerator

Rock 'n' Roll Refrigerator.

-Lymph-node cells of (AKR x C3H) F1 leukaemic mice showed a considerable increase of glycolytic activity and 02 consumption. The glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, aldolase and lactic acid dehydrogenase showed increased activities in leukaemic conditions. Studies on permeabilized leukaemic and normal lymph-node cells, and assays on partially purified phosphofructokinase an...